18 U.S.C. § 1363 – Buildings/property within special maritime jurisdiction
18 U.S.C. § 1363 – A Closer Look at the Law Against Malicious Destruction of Property
18 U.S.C. § 1363 is a federal law that prohibits the willful and malicious destruction or damage of buildings or property within U.S. special maritime and territorial jurisdiction. This law aims to protect important structures and assets from harm. But what exactly does it cover, and what are the penalties for violating it? Let’s take a closer look.
What Does the Law Prohibit?
Specifically, 18 U.S.C. § 1363 makes it illegal for a person to “willfully and maliciously” destroy or damage:
- Any structure
- Any conveyance (like a vehicle)
- Any other real or personal property
This destruction or damage needs to occur within U.S. special maritime and territorial jurisdiction. This includes places like naval vessels, federal enclaves, and some waters within U.S. jurisdiction. So damaging a car on a military base or sinking a boat in U.S. coastal waters could potentially violate 18 U.S.C. § 1363.
What About Attempts or Conspiracies?
Under 18 U.S.C. § 1363, it’s not just the actual destruction or damage that’s prohibited. The law also bans attempts or conspiracies to commit those acts. So if someone tries but fails to burn down a warehouse on a naval base, or plans with others to sink a ship in U.S. waters, they could still face charges under this statute.
What Are the Penalties?
If convicted of violating 18 U.S.C. § 1363, a person faces:
- Up to 5 years in prison
- Fines under the federal sentencing guidelines
But if the building damaged was a dwelling or a person’s life was endangered, the penalties jump up to:
- Up to 20 years in prison
- Fines under the federal sentencing guidelines
So this law takes malicious property damage seriously, especially when people’s homes or lives are put at risk.
What Are Some Examples of Potential Violations?
To understand 18 U.S.C. § 1363 better, let’s look at some hypothetical examples of conduct that could potentially violate it:
- A group of teenagers decide to vandalize a Coast Guard station, spray painting graffiti on the buildings. This could violate 18 U.S.C. § 1363 since it’s willful property damage on a federal facility.
- An angry sailor sets fire to another crew member’s bunk on their U.S. Navy ship while out in international waters. This could be a 18 U.S.C. § 1363 violation since he intentionally damaged property aboard a U.S. naval vessel.
- Protestors chain themselves to drilling equipment on an offshore oil platform in U.S. coastal waters. Their actions damage the equipment, potentially running afoul of 18 U.S.C. § 1363.
- A person plants a bomb that detonates and destroys a warehouse on a U.S. military base. This could carry charges under 18 U.S.C. § 1363 since it was willful destruction of a building on federal land.
These examples help illustrate the broad range of conduct prohibited under 18 U.S.C. § 1363.
What Defenses Could Be Raised?
There are a few defenses that a person charged under 18 U.S.C. § 1363 could potentially raise. Some examples include:
- Lack of intent – Arguing the damage wasn’t “willful and malicious.” Maybe it was an accident or the person didn’t know the property was covered under federal jurisdiction.
- Intoxication – Claiming the person was involuntarily intoxicated at the time, negating intent.
- Self-defense – Asserting the damage was necessary to protect oneself or others from harm.
- Duress – Saying the person was coerced into committing the act through threats of violence.
The viability of any defense would depend on the specific facts and jurisdiction where charges are brought.
How Does This Law Interact with State Laws?
18 U.S.C. § 1363 is a federal statute, so it applies only to conduct within U.S. special maritime and territorial jurisdiction. But many states have their own laws prohibiting various kinds of property damage. If conduct violates both federal and state law, separate charges could potentially be brought in both state and federal court (absent double jeopardy issues). The federal case would likely focus on the jurisdictional element, while the state case would emphasize the actual property damage.
What’s the History and Purpose Behind This Law?
18 U.S.C. § 1363 has its roots in earlier federal statutes from 1909 and 1940 focused on protecting federal buildings and assets. Congress has expanded the scope of the law over time. The current version of 18 U.S.C. § 1363 was enacted in 1996. According to the Congressional Record, the present law aims to prohibit the destruction of any type of structure, vehicle, or property within federal jurisdiction. This serves the important purpose of safeguarding key federal facilities, vessels, and other assets that support government operations or personnel.
In Summary
18 U.S.C. § 1363 is a federal statute that makes it a crime to intentionally destroy or damage buildings or property within U.S. special maritime and territorial jurisdiction. Violations can lead to up to 20 years in prison, with stiffer penalties if dwellings or lives are put at risk. This law serves to protect vital federal facilities, vehicles, and assets from harm. It reflects the government’s interest in preserving property needed to support its personnel, operations and infrastructure.